primitives: Java: null, boolean, short, char, int, long, float, double, array, Object Perl: string, array, hash Lisp: Fortran: C/C++: Python: Assembly: Subroutines, Functions, Methods Java: Appearance: accessLevel classLevel returnValues methodName(inputValues) { ... } accessLevel: public | private | protected | package classLevel: static | instance returnType: 1 inputNumber: 1+ inputTypes: null, boolean, short, char, int, long, float, double, array, Object Perl : Appearance: methodName { ... } accessLevel: public classLevel: inputTypes: Lisp: Appearance: inputNumber: inputTypes: General: Take one or more inputs Return one or more outputs Loops Java: for, while, do Perl: foreach,